Nicotine, a chemical mostly located in the plants with the Solanaceae family, is an alkaloid and is also found accumulated within the leaves of those plants, though the biosynthesis on this chemical occur in the roots with the plants. Nicotine is amongst the major the different parts of addictive plants like tobacco (0.6%-3.0%) and is also the explanation for their addiction in humans because of its psychoactive nature.
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1. Etymology
The name nicotine arises from the scientific name with the tobacco plant Nicotiana tabacum. The scientific name with the tobacco plant is itself named french ambassador to Portugal Jean Nicot de Villemain. Villeman is credited for sending tobacco seeds and plant saplings to Paris in 1560 for the used in medicinal purposes.
2. Extraction
Nicotine was taken from the tobacco plant by German physician Dr. Wilhelm Heinrich Posselt and chemist Karl Ludwig Reimann in 1828. After its discovery Posselt and Reimann labelled it as a poison. The truth is nicotine is an antiherbivore chemical, which causes addiction when consumed in a small amount (1mg or fewer) and death if taken in high amounts (30mg-60mg).
3. Chemistry
Nicotine is an alkaloid with the chemical formula C10H14N2. Its IUPAC name is 3[2,5-1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]pyridine. It possesses a molecular mass of 162.12g/mol. Nicotine is a hygroscopic liquid which can be miscible with water as being a nitrogenous base. Its density is 1.01g/cm3, melting point -79oC and boiling point 247oC. The nicotine molecule features a half duration of Couple of hours and it is metabolism is hepatic. Nicotine is also optically active and has two enantiomeric forms.
4. Nicotine as a possible insecticide
As already said nicotine is an antiherbivore drug which if taken in large amounts is fatal one’s forms. That is why nicotine laden tobacco was used as a possible insecticide and before the globe War II. But following your WWII its usage drastically lowered because of the availability of cheap synthetic insecticides for easily available than tobacco and much less harmful to mammals. But in the recent times the hype surrounding organic farming has again increased a persons vision with the farmers within the using tobacco as being a pesticide as a possible alternate to chemical pesticides.
5. Nicotine addiction
Our central nervous system has certain nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Nicotine binds to many of those and enhances the quantity of several neurotransmitters. Of these neurotransmitters dopamine is one such neurotransmitter which can be significantly increased during nicotine use and is also accountable for the experience of euphoria and relaxation brought on by the application of tobacco (nicotine) products.
6. Psychoactive results of nicotine
Nicotine is a psychoactive substance as it’s mood altering. It causes both euphoria and relaxation. In the body nicotine is metabolised within the liver. First after its metabolism nicotine leads to the production of glucose through the liver and epinephrine through the adrenal medulla. This sudden launch of glucose and epinephrine causes euphoria following your utilization of nicotine. After the initial euphoria nicotine results in relaxation, increased alertness and sharpness by taking care of different neurotransmitters with the body. Nicotine also offers pain relieving properties.
7. Unwanted side effects of nicotine intake
Tough it looks like nicotine is a great substance to boost one’s sharpness, induce calmness and elevate one’s mood there are many negative facets of nicotine intake than positive. Of these the most frequent unwanted effects of nicotine intake are an elevated probability of hypertension and strokes. It is sad that many cigarette a man smokes reduces his expected life by 14 years. Moreover since nicotine has been seen as to impact the working of Estrogen on hippocampus, hence in the long run nicotine users are susceptible to amnesia and other connected diseases.
8. Toxicity
Nicotine is regarded as more toxic than most popular drugs like heroin and cocaine. More harm is done by nicotine to the body system because it is readily absorbed by the bloodstream and reaches your brain through the lungs within 7 seconds of the intake either orally or as the nicotine patch.
9. Usage of nicotine in medical science
Though nicotine is not an doctor’s companion, it’s yet not his worst foe. Nicotine noted for its pain relieving properties has been researched upon to be utilized as being a potential pain killer minus its nasty effects. Nicotine has also been found to cut back preeclampsia, allergic asthma; among others by acting as an anti-inflammatory agent.
10. Nicotine in literature
Nicotine continues to be personified in popular literature as Nick O’ Teen, a humanoid villainous character in Superman comics which has been created as a part of anti-nicotine drive to train children about the ill-effects of nicotine intake in any form.
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