Nicotine, a compound normally based in the plants of the Solanaceae family, can be an alkaloid and is found accumulated inside the leaves of the plants, although biosynthesis of this chemical occur in the roots of the plants. Nicotine is amongst the major aspects of addictive plants like tobacco (0.6%-3.0%) and is the real reason for their addiction in humans because of its psychoactive nature.


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1. Etymology

The name nicotine originates from the scientific name of the tobacco plant Nicotiana tabacum. The scientific name of the tobacco plant is itself named in france they ambassador to Portugal Jean Nicot de Villemain. Villeman is credited for sending tobacco seeds and plant saplings to Paris in 1560 for its utilization in medicinal purposes.

2. Extraction

Nicotine was purchased from the tobacco plant by German physician Dr. Wilhelm Heinrich Posselt and chemist Karl Ludwig Reimann in 1828. After its discovery Posselt and Reimann labelled it a poison. In fact nicotine can be an antiherbivore chemical, that causes addiction when consumed in a small amount (1mg or fewer) and death if taken in high amounts (30mg-60mg).

3. Chemistry

Nicotine can be an alkaloid with the chemical formula C10H14N2. Its IUPAC name is 3[2,5-1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]pyridine. It has a molecular mass of 162.12g/mol. Nicotine is often a hygroscopic liquid which can be miscible with water as being a nitrogenous base. Its density is 1.01g/cm3, melting point -79oC and boiling point 247oC. The nicotine molecule includes a half time of Couple of hours and it is metabolism is hepatic. Nicotine can be optically active and it has two enantiomeric forms.

4. Nicotine as an insecticide

As already said nicotine can be an antiherbivore drug which if taken in considerable amounts is fatal alive forms. For this reason nicotine laden tobacco has been used as an insecticide before the entire world War II. But after the WWII its usage drastically lowered due to the use of cheap synthetic insecticides which are more easily available than tobacco and fewer harmful to mammals. But also in the recent times the hype surrounding organic farming has again increased the eye of the farmers inside the use of tobacco as being a pesticide as an alternate to traps.

5. Nicotine addiction

Our nervous system has certain nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Nicotine binds to several of the and increases the quantity of several neurotransmitters. Among these neurotransmitters dopamine is a such neurotransmitter which can be significantly increased during nicotine use and is in charge of the experience of euphoria and relaxation caused by the usage of tobacco (nicotine) products.

6. Psychoactive results of nicotine

Nicotine is often a psychoactive substance since it is mood altering. It causes both euphoria and relaxation. By the body processes nicotine is metabolised inside the liver. First after its metabolism nicotine ends in the making of glucose through the liver and epinephrine through the adrenal medulla. This sudden release of glucose and epinephrine causes euphoria after the consumption of nicotine. As soon as the initial euphoria nicotine brings about relaxation, increased alertness and sharpness by working on different neurotransmitters of the body. Nicotine boasts pain relieving properties.

7. Negative effects of nicotine intake

Tough it appears as if nicotine is a superb substance to improve one’s sharpness, induce calmness and elevate one’s mood there are far more negative facets of nicotine intake than positive. Among these the most frequent side effects of nicotine intake are a heightened chance of hypertension and cardiac arrest. It’s sad that each cigarette that a man smokes reduces his lifespan by 14 years. Moreover since nicotine has been seen to affect the working of Estrogen on hippocampus, hence over time nicotine users are inclined to amnesia and other associated diseases.

8. Toxicity

Nicotine is regarded as more toxic than most typical drugs like heroin and cocaine. More damage is done by nicotine to the body because it’s readily absorbed by the bloodstream and reaches mental performance from the lungs within 7 seconds of their intake either orally or as nicotine patches.

9. Usage of nicotine in medical science

Though nicotine isn’t a doctor’s companion, it’s yet not his worst foe. Nicotine known for its pain relieving properties will be researched upon to be used as being a potential pain killer minus its harmful effects. Nicotine has additionally been found to reduce preeclampsia, allergic asthma; among others by in the role of an anti-inflammatory agent.

10. Nicotine in literature

Nicotine continues to be personified in popular literature as Nick O’ Teen, a humanoid villainous character in Superman comics that has been created in anti-nicotine drive to educate children concerning the ill-effects of nicotine intake of any type.
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